However, it’s up to you to ensure the information they provide is reliable and accurate.Īlways make sure to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism. Primary sources are often considered the most credible in terms of providing evidence for your argument, as they give you direct evidence of what you are researching. The first time a citation is used, it appears in the footnote as a complete reference, Depending on the Chicago version you are using, subsequent citations. may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text. If you use one of these in your research, it is probably a primary source. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibdem, meaning in the same place, commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation. Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. Lastname, 'Shortened title.' Bibliographical Entry (don't forget to indent second and subsequent lines): Lastname, Firstname. Shortened note (after it has been used once): 4. Are you directly analyzing the source itself (primary), or only using it for background information (secondary)? Firstname Lastname, Title of Web Page, Publishing Organization or Name of Website, publication date and/or access date if available, URL.Does the source provide original information (primary), or does it summarize information from other sources (secondary)?.Was the source created by someone directly involved in the events you’re studying (primary), or by another researcher (secondary)?.
To determine if a source is primary or secondary, ask yourself:
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